Most modern applications require communication across multiple services, and JSON is one of the most popular notations for storing and transferring data across the web. In this article, we’ll explore working with JSON in Go, a popular open source language.
Let’s get started!
JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a popular text format for storing, sending, and receiving information. JSON is easy to write and understand due to its simple structure that is formatted as a key-value pair using ordered lists.
JSON is language-independent, meaning it can be used with any programming language. Many languages come with built-in support for JSON.
Let’s see what the JSON format looks like with an example! In the code block below, the JSON object represents a user on a web application:
{
“firstname”: “Mohit”,
“lastname”: “Khare”,
“id”: “mkfeuhrer”,
“age”: “24”,
“gender”: “male”,
“preferred_topics”: [“startups”, “books”, “chess”, “blogging”],
“social_links”: [
{
“site”: “twitter”,
“url”: “https://twitter.com/mkfeuhrer”
}
]
}
The JSON key must be a string based on how the JSON format schema is defined. However, the value can be a string, an object, or a list of strings or objects.
Save the JSON object from the code block above to a file called user.json. We’ll use ReadFile from the ioutilpackage to read the JSON file and print the data:
package main
import (
“fmt”
“io/ioutil”
)
func ReadJSON(filename string) ([]byte, error) {
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(“Error reading user.json”, err)
return nil, err
}
fmt.Println(“Success reading user.json”)
return data, nil
}
func main() {
data, err := ReadJSON(“user.json”)
if err != nil {
return
}
fmt.Println(“Content of user.json:”)
fmt.Println(string(data))
}
The output for the code above is as follows:
Success reading user.json
Content of user.json:
{
“firstname”: “Mohit”,
“lastname”: “Khare”,
“id”: “mkfeuhrer”,
“age”: “24”,
“gender”: “male”,
“preferred_topics”: [
“startups”,
“books”,
“chess”
],
“social_links”: [
{
“site”: “twitter”,
“url”: “https://twitter.com/mkfeuhrer”
}
]
}
Now that we can read the JSON file, we’ll parse it into Go structs. You cannot perform Go operations directly on JSON data. Instead, you must map the JSON data to the Go struct, allowing it to perform other operations.
package json in Go provides the Unmarshal function, which helps us to parse data into structs:
func Unmarshal(data []byte, v interface{}) error
Unmarshal requires that the data be in byte array to parse it to an interface. Let’s create a struct to read the user data defined above:
// parse social link object
type SocialLink struct {
Site string `json:”site”`
URL string `json:”url”`
}
// parse user object
type User struct {
Firstname string `json:”firstname”`
Lastname string `json:”lastname”`
ID string `json:”id”`
Age string `json:”age”`
Gender string `json:”gender”`
PreferredTopics []string `json:”preferred_topics”`
SocialLinks []SocialLink `json:”social_links”`
}
Now, we’ll parse JSON to this struct:
func DecodeJSON(data []byte, user *User) {
err := json.Unmarshal(data, user)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(“Error parsing JSON”, err)
}
fmt.Println(*user)
}
// We call this function with the data and user Object
var user User
DecodeJSON(data, &user)
We’d also like to write JSON data from our Go application, so let’s convert the structs we created to JSON data. Go’s package json provides the Marshal function to help encode structs to JSON data:
func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error)
Marshal requires an interface from which we’ll encode JSON data. Let’s encode our User object back to JSON:
func EncodeJSON(user *User) {
data, err := json.Marshal(user)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(“Error parsing JSON”, err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
}
// We call this function with the data and user Object
user := User {
Firstname: “John”,
Lastname: “Doe”,
ID: “john”,
Age: “30”,
Gender: “male”,
SocialLinks: []SocialLink{
{
Site: “twitter”,
URL: “https://twitter.com/john”,
},
},
}
EncodeJSON(data, &user)
The function above will print the JSON data:
{
“firstname”: “John”,
“lastname”: “Doe”,
“id”: “john”,
“age”: “30”,
“gender”: “male”,
“preferred_topics”: null,
“social_links”: [
{
“site”: “twitter”,
“url”: “https://twitter.com/john”
}
]
}
Notice carefully the preferred_topics field is null because our user object did not have a value assigned for this attribute. Now, let’s learn how we can skip empty fields.
When we defined structs, we used a few JSON tags. Tags help us to control the key for attributes by omitting empty or null fields.
Let’s see an example of tags! In the code block below, we’ll define the Firstname attribute to use the “first name” key in JSON. We’ll omit PreferredTopics from the object if it is empty:
PreferredTopics []string `json:”preferred_topics,omitempty”`
We’ll simply ignore Age while we’re encoding/decoding JSON.
Age int `json:”-“`
We usually use omitempty when a value is optional within our structs. In our user example, we can manage if lastname of the user is not present, but we cannot add omitempty to id.
Your completed code will look like the following code block:
package main
import (
“encoding/json”
“fmt”
“io/ioutil”
)
type SocialLink struct {
Site string `json:”site”`
URL string `json:”url”`
}
type User struct {
Firstname string `json:”firstname”`
Lastname string `json:”lastname,omitempty”`
ID string `json:”id”`
Age string `json:”age,omitempty”`
Gender string `json:”gender,omitempty”`
PreferredTopics []string `json:”preferred_topics,omitempty”`
SocialLinks []SocialLink `json:”social_links,omitempty”`
}
func ReadJSON(filename string) ([]byte, error) {
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(“Error reading user.json”, err)
return nil, err
}
fmt.Println(“Success reading user.json”)
return data, nil
}
func DecodeJSON(data []byte, user *User) {
err := json.Unmarshal(data, user)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(“Error parsing JSON”, err)
}
fmt.Println(*user)
}
func EncodeJSON(user *User) {
data, err := json.Marshal(user)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(“Error parsing JSON”, err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
}
func main() {
data, err := ReadJSON(“user.json”)
if err != nil {
return
}
fmt.Println(“Content of user.json:”)
fmt.Println(string(data))
var user User
fmt.Println(“nDecode JSON data to user struct:”)
DecodeJSON(data, &user)
// define new user
user2 := User{
Firstname: “John”,
Lastname: “Doe”,
ID: “john”,
Age: “30”,
Gender: “male”,
SocialLinks: []SocialLink{
{
Site: “twitter”,
URL: “https://twitter.com/john”,
},
},
}
fmt.Println(“nEncode struct to JSON:”)
EncodeJSON(&user2)
}
In this tutorial, we learned how to read JSON files, encode and decode data to structs using the marshal and unmarshal functions, and define structs using tags.
Our example included simple fields for inputting a user’s profile information, but you can use the information from this tutorial to build a number of complex applications.
I hope you enjoyed the article and learned something useful!
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